Minule sme p\u00edsali o\u00a0akustickom mapovan\u00ed v\u00fdra skaln\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd hniezdi predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na skal\u00e1ch a\u00a0v\u00a0kame\u0148olomoch, m\u00e1 ve\u013emi siln\u00fd a\u00a0nezamenite\u013en\u00fd hlas. Dnes si uvedieme niektor\u00e9 detaily z\u00a0akustick\u00e9ho mapovania jastraba ve\u013ek\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n
Na Slovensku sa, pod\u013ea n\u00e1m dostupn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, nikto akustick\u00e9mu mapovaniu jastraba ve\u013ek\u00e9ho nevenoval. Zo zahrani\u010dnej literat\u00fary (Kimmel & Yahner 1990, Penteriani 1999, Dewey, Kennedy & Stephens 2003, Rutz 2005) je v\u0161ak zn\u00e1me, \u017ee aj jastrab patr\u00ed medzi druhy, ktor\u00e9 si pred zahniezden\u00edm hlasovo ve\u013emi intenz\u00edvne obhajuj\u00fa terit\u00f3ri\u00e1. Jastrab sa pod\u013ea tejto literat\u00fary oz\u00fdva („gigitanie“) predov\u0161etk\u00fdm r\u00e1no, pred a\u00a0na svitan\u00ed, menej aj cel\u00e9 dopoludnie. Po\u010du\u0165 ho v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti hniezda a hlas m\u00e1 ur\u010dite trochu slab\u0161\u00ed ako v\u00fdr. Jeho hlasov\u00e1 aktivita prebieha v\u00a0ro\u010dnom obdob\u00ed a\u00a0dennom \u010dase, ke\u010f u\u017e spievaj\u00fa aj prv\u00e9 spevavce, a\u00a0preto je spracovanie z\u00e1znamov podstatne zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie ne\u017e u\u00a0v\u00fdra.\u00a0 Je potrebn\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu \u010das\u0165 nahr\u00e1vky vypo\u010du\u0165 a\u00a0len men\u0161ia \u010das\u0165 sa d\u00e1 prezrie\u0165 (vi\u010f II. diel na\u0161ej s\u00e9rie), spracovanie je tak zd\u013ahavej\u0161ie. Podstatn\u00fdm metodick\u00fdm \u00faskal\u00edm v\u0161ak je, \u017ee jastrab m\u00f4\u017ee hniezdi\u0165 takmer v\u00a0akomko\u013evek star\u0161om lese a zvukov\u00e9 nahr\u00e1va\u010de je potrebn\u00e9 rozmiest\u0148ova\u0165 plo\u0161ne a pomerne nahusto.<\/p>\n
Akustick\u00e9 mapovanie jastraba ve\u013ek\u00e9ho uskuto\u010dnil zool\u00f3g m\u00fazea v roku 2016 v ju\u017enej \u010dasti Kriv\u00e1nskej Malej Fatry, od K\u013ea\u010dianskej, cez Su\u010diansku, po Hrabinsk\u00fa dolinu (Kicko 2016). \u00dazemie malo rozlohu 21,35 km2<\/sup>. Nahr\u00e1va\u010de boli in\u0161talovan\u00e9 v ter\u00e9ne od 26. 2. do 7. 4., postupne na 54 bodoch. Diktaf\u00f3n zaznamen\u00e1val na ka\u017edom bode 2 \u2013 4 r\u00e1na, spracovan\u00e9 bolo 1 a\u017e 2 r\u00e1na. Body boli rozmiestnen\u00e9 rovnomerne, priemern\u00e1 vzdialenos\u0165 k najbli\u017e\u0161iemu susedn\u00e9mu bodu bola 414 m. Celkovo bolo zaznamenan\u00fdch 74 hlasov\u00fdch prejavov na 12 bodoch, pri\u010dom na troch bodoch bolo viac ako 10 vokaliza\u010dn\u00fdch prejavov. Po\u010det obsaden\u00fdch terit\u00f3ri\u00ed bol 3 alebo 4. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 terit\u00f3rium bolo zachyten\u00e9 aspo\u0148 dvomi susedn\u00fdmi bodmi. V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 hustota je 14 \u00a0\u201319 obsaden\u00fdch terit\u00f3ri\u00ed na 100 km2<\/sup>. Jastraby sa za\u010d\u00ednali oz\u00fdva\u0165 u\u017e hodinu pred astronomick\u00fdm v\u00fdchodom slnka, na samom za\u010diatku brie\u017edenia, najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia aktivita bola pr\u00e1ve okolo v\u00fdchodu slnka, \u010fal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00ed vrchol vokaliza\u010dnej aktivity bol o 4 hodiny. V porovnan\u00ed s in\u00fdmi pr\u00e1cami s\u00fa zisten\u00e9 hodnoty denzity ve\u013emi vysok\u00e9. \u010c\u00edm to m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 sp\u00f4soben\u00e9? Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm je spracovan\u00e9 \u00fazemie ve\u013emi mal\u00e9 a preto nereprezentat\u00edvne. Zachyt\u00e1va najm\u00e4 hniezdisk\u00e1 teda les a nezachyt\u00e1va lovisk\u00e1 ako l\u00faky, pasienky, mest\u00e1 a dediny. Mal\u00e9 \u00fazemie m\u00f4\u017ee zachyti\u0165 lok\u00e1lnu koncentr\u00e1ciu popul\u00e1cie. Po druh\u00e9, zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee met\u00f3da akustick\u00e9ho mapovania je u jastraba ve\u013emi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1, zachyt\u00ed v\u00fdrazne vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed podiel terit\u00f3ri\u00ed ne\u017e met\u00f3dy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na vizu\u00e1lnom pozorovan\u00ed jastrabov alebo na doh\u013ead\u00e1van\u00ed hniezd v mimovegeta\u010dnom obdob\u00ed. Met\u00f3da je teda u tohto druhu \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1, ale naplno sa uk\u00e1zali v\u0161etky \u00faskalia a nev\u00fdhody plo\u0161n\u00e9ho akustick\u00e9ho monitoringu, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm ve\u013emi problematick\u00e9 lokalizovanie zdroja zvuku, teda polohy oz\u00fdvaj\u00faceho sa vt\u00e1ka, \u010falej potreba ve\u013ekej hustoty siete bodov s in\u0161talovan\u00fdmi nahr\u00e1va\u010dmi a z toho v\u0161etk\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdvaj\u00faca ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u010dasov\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165 spracovania z\u00e1znamov a mapovania. Napriek \u00fasiliu sa nepodarilo spresni\u0165, \u010di sa jednalo o 3 alebo 4 terit\u00f3ri\u00e1 a hniezda sa podarilo doh\u013eada\u0165 len na dvoch lokalit\u00e1ch. To v\u0161etko poukazuje na obmedzen\u00e9 mo\u017enosti lokalizovania polohy oz\u00fdvaj\u00faceho sa vt\u00e1ka. Zistili sme, \u017ee met\u00f3dy plo\u0161n\u00e9ho akustick\u00e9ho mapovania vt\u00e1kov pri ve\u013ekoplo\u0161n\u00fdch mapovaniach s\u00fa pr\u00e1cne, m\u00e1lo presn\u00e9 a ka\u017ed\u00e9 po\u013eavenie v met\u00f3dach, ktor\u00e9 by mapovanie zjednodu\u0161ilo, napr. zv\u00fd\u0161enie vzdialenost\u00ed medzi nahr\u00e1va\u010dmi, alebo zn\u00ed\u017eenie po\u010dtu odpozorovan\u00fdch r\u00e1n, \u010falej v\u00fdrazne zni\u017euje presnos\u0165.<\/p>\n Text a\u00a0foto: Ing. J\u00e1n Kicko, PhD. \u2013 zool\u00f3g Pova\u017esk\u00e9ho m\u00fazea v\u00a0\u017diline<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Minule sme p\u00edsali o\u00a0akustickom mapovan\u00ed v\u00fdra skaln\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd hniezdi predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na skal\u00e1ch a\u00a0v\u00a0kame\u0148olomoch, m\u00e1 ve\u013emi siln\u00fd a\u00a0nezamenite\u013en\u00fd hlas. Dnes si uvedieme niektor\u00e9 detaily z\u00a0akustick\u00e9ho mapovania jastraba ve\u013ek\u00e9ho. Na Slovensku sa, pod\u013ea n\u00e1m dostupn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, nikto akustick\u00e9mu mapovaniu jastraba ve\u013ek\u00e9ho nevenoval. Zo zahrani\u010dnej literat\u00fary (Kimmel & Yahner 1990, Penteriani 1999, Dewey, Kennedy & Stephens 2003, Rutz […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":39481,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality"],"yoast_head":"\n