{"id":46431,"date":"2021-12-20T07:49:53","date_gmt":"2021-12-20T06:49:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pmza.sk\/?p=46431"},"modified":"2022-02-23T08:31:17","modified_gmt":"2022-02-23T07:31:17","slug":"stedry-den-na-hornom-povazi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pmza.sk\/?p=46431","title":{"rendered":"\u0160tedr\u00fd de\u0148 na Hornom Pova\u017e\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vianoce s\u00fa kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 sviatky, ktor\u00e9 sa sl\u00e1via na po\u010des\u0165 narodenia Krista. Po\u010das tohto obdobia sa vykon\u00e1vali r\u00f4zne magick\u00e9 \u00fakony a\u00a0z\u00e1kazy, ktor\u00e9 boli zameran\u00e9 na zabezpe\u010denie prosperity, pozit\u00edvne ovplyvnenie pr\u00edrody, zdravia, \u017eivota, na ve\u0161tby a pranostiky, predpovede \u00farody, vydaja, narodenia \u010di \u00famrtia.<\/p>\n

Za za\u010diatok Vianoc sa pova\u017euje \u0160tedr\u00fd de\u0148 \u2013 24. december. Jeho pomenovanie je odvoden\u00e9 od charakteru oby\u010daj\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 mali zabezpe\u010di\u0165 \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd a\u00a0pokojn\u00fd \u017eivot v\u00a0nasleduj\u00facom roku.<\/p>\n

S\u00a0t\u00fdmto d\u0148om sa sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa \u00fakony, pre ktor\u00e9 je typick\u00e1 m\u00e1gia prv\u00e9ho d\u0148a (ako sa bude \u010dlovek spr\u00e1va\u0165, tak\u00fd bude po cel\u00fd rok; ak s\u00fa deti poslu\u0161n\u00e9, bud\u00fa poslu\u0161n\u00e9 po cel\u00fd rok).<\/p>\n

Po cel\u00fd de\u0148 prebiehali \u00fakony spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0pr\u00edpravou na ve\u010der. Mu\u017ei museli do v\u00fdchodu slnka obriadi\u0165 dobytok. \u017deny mali ma\u0165 do obeda upe\u010den\u00e9 kol\u00e1\u010de a\u00a0navaren\u00e9 jedl\u00e1. V\u00a0\u010ci\u010dmanoch sa r\u00e1no jedli\u010dkou \u2013\u201eme\u0165ielkom\u201c vymetala pec a e\u0161te s tepl\u00fdm sa be\u017ealo do ma\u0161tale vyriadi\u0165 \u00a0statku, aby aj zvierat\u00e1 vedeli, \u017ee s\u00fa Vianoce. Okrem toho sa pre statok piekol os\u00fach. Bol to prv\u00fd os\u00fach, ktor\u00fd sa v dom\u00e1cnosti upiekol. D\u00e1vali do\u0148 obl\u00e1tku, zrno a vetvi\u010dku z jedli\u010dky.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0niektor\u00fdch obciach \u017eeny vst\u00e1vali u\u017e o polnoci, preto\u017ee ke\u010f po\u010duli kikir\u00edka\u0165 koh\u00fata, museli pripravova\u0165 cesto na chleby a kol\u00e1\u010de i rozk\u00fari\u0165 pec. Na svitan\u00ed u\u017e z\u00a0nej vy\u0165ahovali upe\u010den\u00e9 chleby, ktor\u00e9 poum\u00fdvali \u010derstvou vodou. Do nej pridali aj sv\u00e4ten\u00fa vodu, a\u00a0tak vykropili dom a ma\u0161ta\u013e.<\/p>\n

Piekli sa tie\u017e \u201epoplan\u00fachy\u201c \u2013 pos\u00fachy, do ktor\u00fdch sa zavinuli su\u0161en\u00e9 hru\u0161ky a rozd\u00e1vali ich chudobn\u00fdm a \u017eobr\u00e1kom. Na rohy stola bolo zvykom kl\u00e1s\u0165 \u0161tyri mal\u00e9 chleb\u00edky. Do jedn\u00e9ho z nich, zvan\u00e9ho \u201esviatkovi\u201c gazdin\u00e1 vlo\u017eila bylinky, med, k\u00fasok obl\u00e1tky, petr\u017elen a tri orechy. Tento chleb\u00edk sa odkladal a pou\u017e\u00edval sa ako liek pre dobytok aj \u013eud\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Upratan\u00fd a\u00a0vy\u010disten\u00fd dom sa ozdoboval p\u00f4vodne \u010de\u010dinou a\u00a0nad st\u00f4l sa ve\u0161al slamen\u00fd strom\u010dek, ktor\u00fd sa zhotovoval z\u00a0najkraj\u0161\u00edch klasov. Na niektor\u00fdch miestach severn\u00e9ho Slovenska sa nad st\u00f4l zavesil do\u017einkov\u00fd veniec, ktor\u00fd sa d\u00e1val posv\u00e4ti\u0165 u\u017e 15. augusta. V\u00a0prvej polovici 20. storo\u010dia sa za\u010dal aj vo vidieckom prostred\u00ed objavova\u0165 viano\u010dn\u00fd strom\u010dek. P\u00f4vodne sa ve\u0161al na hradu nad st\u00f4l a\u00a0\u013eudia ho zdobili orechmi, ovoc\u00edm, ozdobami z papiera, pe\u010divom, slamou a tie\u017e svie\u010dkami. Nesk\u00f4r sa strom\u010dek kl\u00e1dol ved\u013ea stola. Pod strom\u010dek sa d\u00e1val tie\u017e betlehem, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou s papierov\u00fdmi fig\u00farkami. Dodnes sa ponech\u00e1va v\u00a0dome do Troch kr\u00e1\u013eov, niekedy a\u017e do Hromn\u00edc, teda do 2. febru\u00e1ra. Do k\u00fata miestnosti sa polo\u017eila slama a\u00a0\u010dlenovia rodiny na nej sp\u00e1vali po\u010das cel\u00fdch sviatkov. Po Vianociach ju dali ko\u0148om a\u00a0krav\u00e1m. Do rohu izby postavili obiln\u00fd snop, aby bola nasleduj\u00faci rok dobr\u00e1 \u00faroda. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa viano\u010dn\u00e9 strom\u010deky zvykn\u00fa zdobi\u0165 aj na n\u00e1mestiach ded\u00edn a\u00a0miest. S\u00fa to v\u0161ak u\u017e ve\u013ek\u00e9 stromy ozdoben\u00e9 svetielkami a\u00a0r\u00f4znymi ozdobami.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00a0dom\u00e1cnosti sa pozornos\u0165 venovala aj \u00faprave \u0161tedrove\u010dern\u00e9ho stola a\u00a0jedl\u00e1m. St\u00f4l bol pova\u017eovan\u00fd za symbol prosperity. Nesmel na \u0148om ch\u00fdba\u0165 chlieb. Taktie\u017e sa na\u0148 d\u00e1vali jedl\u00e1 pripraven\u00e9 na ve\u010deru, miska s\u00a0plodinami, ktor\u00e9 sa v\u00a0hospod\u00e1rstve urodili a\u00a0svie\u010dka, ktor\u00e1 sa \u010dasto vlo\u017eila do hrn\u010deka s obil\u00edm. Obilie zo \u0161tedrove\u010dern\u00e9ho stola sa na jar vysievalo ako prv\u00e9. Na st\u00f4l sa d\u00e1vali peniaze, ktor\u00e9 sa skryli pod obrus a nesk\u00f4r aj \u0161upiny z\u00a0ryby. N\u00f4\u017e na stole nesmel by\u0165, z\u00a0jed\u00e1l sa len odlamovalo. Roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fdm zvykom bolo pod\u00a0st\u00f4l\u00a0kl\u00e1s\u0165 \u017eelezn\u00e9 \u010dasti po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych n\u00e1strojov a ved\u013ea stola st\u00e1l m\u00fatovn\u00edk. Niekedy sa do\u0148 dali pup\u00e1\u010diky, k\u00fasok chleba a\u00a0ja\u010dme\u0148. A\u017e po sviatkoch sa to zanieslo statku \u2013 aby kravy dobre dojili. Nohy stola sa obkr\u00fatili re\u0165azou a uzamkli z\u00e1mkou. Robilo sa to ako znak s\u00fadr\u017enosti a\u00a0zdravia rodiny. Na Vianoce sa napiekol dostatok kol\u00e1\u010dov i pe\u010diva a zabezpe\u010dili sa alkoholick\u00e9 n\u00e1poje \u2013 p\u00e1lenka, hriate a v\u00edno, ktor\u00e9 sa pon\u00fakali hos\u0165om a koledn\u00edkom.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0160tedr\u00fd de\u0148 bol pova\u017eovan\u00fd za de\u0148 nov\u00e9ho po\u010diatku a\u00a0pre \u013eud\u00ed mal magick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Preto sa \u00a0pr\u00edprave \u0161tedrove\u010dernej hostiny venovala ve\u013ek\u00e1 pozornos\u0165. Charakter jed\u00e1l, jej poradie a po\u010det chodov symbolizovali predov\u0161etk\u00fdm \u017eelan\u00fa hojnos\u0165 v\u00a0rodine a\u00a0hospod\u00e1rstve. Na Hornom Pova\u017e\u00ed boli typick\u00fdmi \u0161tedrove\u010dern\u00fdmi jedlami najm\u00e4 polievka z\u00a0kyslej kapusty, hrachu, \u0161o\u0161ovice, fazule. Niekde sa prid\u00e1vali su\u0161en\u00e9 huby alebo ovocie. Roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 boli aj m\u00fa\u010dne jedl\u00e1 \u2013 plnen\u00e9 pirohy alebo opekance. Pripravovali sa z\u00a0upe\u010den\u00fdch \u0161\u00fa\u013ekov cesta, ktor\u00e9 sa nakr\u00e1jali na men\u0161ie k\u00fasky,\u00a0zaliali tepl\u00fdm mliekom a\u00a0posypali makom alebo poliali medom. Viano\u010dn\u00e9 kol\u00e1\u010de a\u00a0pe\u010divo mali r\u00f4zne n\u00e1zvy aj tvar. V \u00a0na\u0161om regi\u00f3ne to boli spom\u00ednan\u00e9 opekance alebo pup\u00e1ky. V \u010ci\u010dmanoch sa \u00a0pod\u00e1vali pup\u00e1\u010diky s makom a bryndzou. S makom preto, aby bolo v\u0161etk\u00e9ho ako maku a s bryndzou \u2013 aby kravy a ovce dobre dojili. Pup\u00e1\u010diky sa \u0161\u00fa\u013eali de\u0148 vopred. \u0160\u00fa\u013eali sa dlh\u00e9, aby boli dlh\u00e9 aj klasy obilia.<\/p>\n

\u0160tedr\u00e1 ve\u010dera sa za\u010d\u00ednala modlitbou, ktor\u00fa predniesol najstar\u0161\u00ed \u010dlen rodiny a \u017eelan\u00edm pokojn\u00fdch sviatkov celej rodine. Potom rozdal obl\u00e1tky, potrel ich medom a cesnakom a dal ka\u017ed\u00e9mu pri stole. Med mal symbolizova\u0165 dobro a\u00a0cesnak zdravie. De\u0165om sa robil na \u010delo medom kr\u00ed\u017eik. Od ve\u010dere sa nesmelo postavi\u0165, preto\u017ee by husi na hniezde nesedeli.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00fd chod tvorili polievky \u2013 kapustnica s hr\u00edbmi, hrachov\u00e1 alebo fazu\u013eov\u00e1 polievka so su\u0161en\u00fdmi slivkami. Nasledovali opekance s makom, krupicov\u00e1 ka\u0161a a ryba.<\/p>\n

V niektor\u00fdch obciach sa na \u0161tedr\u00fa ve\u010deru varila hust\u00e1 om\u00e1\u010dka zo su\u0161en\u00e9ho ovocia a h\u00fab.<\/p>\n

Na \u0161tedrove\u010dernom stole nesmelo ch\u00fdba\u0165 ovocie, \u010derstv\u00e9, su\u0161en\u00e9 alebo uvaren\u00e9 a\u00a0tie\u017e orechy. Existovala predstava, \u017ee na \u0161tedr\u00fa ve\u010deru chodia aj duchovia zomrel\u00fdch predkov, a\u00a0tak sa nachystal pre nich tanier, na ktor\u00fd sa d\u00e1valo ly\u017ei\u010dku z\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jedla. \u0160tedr\u00e1 ve\u010dera kon\u010dila modlitbou.<\/p>\n

Konzum\u00e1cia r\u00fdb sa roz\u0161\u00edrila pod vplyvom cirkvi, preto\u017ee sa ako studenokrvn\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy pova\u017eovali za p\u00f4stne jedlo. \u010cerstv\u00e9 ryby sa jedli varen\u00e9 alebo sa kupovali nakladan\u00e9 kysl\u00e9 ryby. V\u00a0druhej polovici 20. storo\u010dia sa za\u010dali k\u00fasky r\u00fdb alebo rybie fil\u00e9 vypr\u00e1\u017ea\u0165 v\u00a0oleji a pod\u00e1va\u0165 so zemiakmi alebo so zemiakov\u00fdm \u0161al\u00e1tom.<\/p>\n

Magick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky prosperitn\u00e9ho charakteru sa nepripisovali iba\u00a0jedl\u00e1m, ale aj po\u010dtu chodov \u0161tedrej ve\u010dere. Skladala sa zvy\u010dajne zo siedmich alebo deviatich chodov, niekde bolo zvykom jes\u0165 iba tri s\u00fasta z\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jedla. Aj n\u00e1slednos\u0165 jed\u00e1l sa v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch obciach \u010di dokonca rodin\u00e1ch odli\u0161ovali.<\/p>\n

Ku \u0161tedr\u00e9mu ve\u010deru patrili tie\u017e ve\u0161tby a predpovede do bud\u00faceho roka. Z rozkrojen\u00e9ho jablka a otvoren\u00e9ho orecha predpovedali zdravie a smr\u0165. Ak bolo ovocie zdrav\u00e9 a pekn\u00e9, tak\u00ed mali by\u0165 aj dom\u00e1ci. Pri pozorovan\u00ed horiacej svie\u010dky \u010dakali na koho sa obr\u00e1ti plame\u0148 \u2013 ten mal zomrie\u0165. Ak svie\u010dka zhasla, \u010dakali v nasleduj\u00facom roku v rodine smr\u0165. Slobodn\u00e9 diev\u010dat\u00e1 sa sna\u017eili pod\u013ea ve\u0161tieb zisti\u0165, \u010di sa vydaj\u00fa. Zametali smeti, vyniesli ich von a po\u010d\u00favali odkia\u013e za\u0161tek\u00e1 pes \u2013 tam sa mali vyda\u0165. Taktie\u017e chodili ku potoku a po vode p\u00fa\u0161\u0165ali svie\u010dky v orechov\u00fdch \u0161krupink\u00e1ch a pod\u013ea toho, ako \u010faleko dopl\u00e1vali, usudzovali \u010di sa vydaj\u00fa bl\u00edzko alebo \u010faleko. Taktie\u017e sa ve\u0161tby a m\u00e1gia podobnosti uplat\u0148ovali aj na zvierat\u00e1ch, napr\u00edklad sliepkam sa sypal hrach, aby dobre zn\u00e1\u0161ali vaj\u00ed\u010dka.<\/p>\n

Ku tomuto d\u0148u patrili tie\u017e koledy, ktor\u00e9 si \u013eudia spievali a v mnoh\u00fdch obciach chodili koledn\u00edci vin\u0161ova\u0165 zdravie a prosperitu. Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd de\u0148 bol vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine obc\u00ed ukon\u010den\u00fd sl\u00e1vnostnou polno\u010dnou sv\u00e4tou om\u0161ou, naz\u00fdvanou \u201euciere\u0148\u201c.<\/p>\n

Text: etnologi\u010dka Adriana B\u00e1rdyov\u00e1<\/p>\n

Foto: arch\u00edv Pova\u017esk\u00e9ho m\u00fazea<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vianoce s\u00fa kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 sviatky, ktor\u00e9 sa sl\u00e1via na po\u010des\u0165 narodenia Krista. Po\u010das tohto obdobia sa vykon\u00e1vali r\u00f4zne magick\u00e9 \u00fakony a\u00a0z\u00e1kazy, ktor\u00e9 boli zameran\u00e9 na zabezpe\u010denie prosperity, pozit\u00edvne ovplyvnenie pr\u00edrody, zdravia, \u017eivota, na ve\u0161tby a pranostiky, predpovede \u00farody, vydaja, narodenia \u010di \u00famrtia. Za za\u010diatok Vianoc sa pova\u017euje \u0160tedr\u00fd de\u0148 \u2013 24. december. Jeho pomenovanie je odvoden\u00e9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":46433,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0160tedr\u00fd de\u0148 na Hornom Pova\u017e\u00ed - Pova\u017esk\u00e9 m\u00fazeum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/pmza.sk\/?p=46431\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0160tedr\u00fd de\u0148 na Hornom Pova\u017e\u00ed - Pova\u017esk\u00e9 m\u00fazeum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Vianoce s\u00fa kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 sviatky, ktor\u00e9 sa sl\u00e1via na po\u010des\u0165 narodenia Krista. Po\u010das tohto obdobia sa vykon\u00e1vali r\u00f4zne magick\u00e9 \u00fakony a\u00a0z\u00e1kazy, ktor\u00e9 boli zameran\u00e9 na zabezpe\u010denie prosperity, pozit\u00edvne ovplyvnenie pr\u00edrody, zdravia, \u017eivota, na ve\u0161tby a pranostiky, predpovede \u00farody, vydaja, narodenia \u010di \u00famrtia. Za za\u010diatok Vianoc sa pova\u017euje \u0160tedr\u00fd de\u0148 \u2013 24. december. 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