{"id":50725,"date":"2022-05-02T11:03:14","date_gmt":"2022-05-02T09:03:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pmza.sk\/?p=50725"},"modified":"2025-05-15T07:16:31","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T05:16:31","slug":"predmetom-mesiaca-maj-su-stredoveke-kosaky-zo-stranav","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pmza.sk\/?p=50725","title":{"rendered":"Predmetom mesiaca m\u00e1j s\u00fa stredovek\u00e9 kos\u00e1ky zo Str\u00e1\u0148av"},"content":{"rendered":"

Predmetom mesiaca m\u00e1j je s\u00fabor \u0161iestich kos\u00e1kov \/srpov\/ nach\u00e1dzaj\u00facich sa v\u00a0zbierkach Pova\u017esk\u00e9ho m\u00fazea. Na malom pahorku nazvanom Kubick\u00fd v\u0155\u0161ok, v\u00a0katastri obce Str\u00e1\u0148avy pri \u017diline, objavili \u017eiaci z\u00e1kladnej \u0161koly v\u00a0roku 1963 desa\u0165 kos\u00e1kov. V nasleduj\u00facom roku ich odovzdali do Pova\u017esk\u00e9ho m\u00fazea u\u017e len p\u00e4\u0165,\u00a0z\u00a0\u010fal\u0161ieho sa dochovala iba \u010das\u0165 \u010depele a zvy\u0161n\u00e9 sa stratili. Pri n\u00e1slednej obhliadke lokality sa objavili i k\u00fasky \u017eeleznej rudy, ktor\u00e1 sa tu \u0165a\u017eila u\u017e vo v\u010dasnom stredoveku a n\u00e1jden\u00e9 n\u00e1radia s\u00fa zrejme dokladom v\u00fdroby miestnych kov\u00e1\u010dov. Presn\u00e9 datovanie kos\u00e1kov je problematick\u00e9, nako\u013eko ide o chronologicky menej citliv\u00e9 artefakty. Nev\u00fdhodou je tie\u017e skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee s\u00fabor bol z\u00edskan\u00fd amat\u00e9rsky, bez mo\u017enosti overenia n\u00e1lezovej situ\u00e1cie. Datujeme ich r\u00e1mcovo do 10. \u2013 11. storo\u010dia. Terminologick\u00e9 nezrovnalosti s\u00fa v pojmoch kos\u00e1k a\u00a0srp. Kos\u00e1ky maj\u00fa ostrie \u010depele hladk\u00e9. Ako srp je pomenovan\u00e9 n\u00e1radie so z\u00fabkovan\u00fdm ostr\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148ovalo \u013eah\u0161ie odseknutie obilia. Z\u00fabkovan\u00e9 ostrie malo p\u00e4\u0165 dochovan\u00fdch exempl\u00e1rov, preto ich m\u00f4\u017eeme ozna\u010di\u0165 term\u00ednom srpy. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti v\u0161ak plat\u00ed, \u017ee terminologicky je vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch nadraden\u00fd pojem kos\u00e1k.<\/p>\n

Na dedinsk\u00fdch s\u00eddlisk\u00e1ch \u017eili univerz\u00e1lni kov\u00e1\u010di, ktor\u00ed vyhotovovali nen\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, ovl\u00e1dali techniku v\u00fdroby a poznatky o kalen\u00ed ocele. N\u00e1radia s hladk\u00fdm ostr\u00edm sa p\u00f4vodne pou\u017e\u00edvali sa na zber stebiel a kladenie hrst\u00ed na povriesla. A\u017e omnoho nesk\u00f4r sl\u00fa\u017eili na \u017eatie. Predstavuj\u00fa pomerne jednoduch\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky. Skladaj\u00fa sa z dvoch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed, \u010depele a rukov\u00e4te. Funk\u010dn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 tvor\u00ed \u010depe\u013e. Jej ohnut\u00e1, vonkaj\u0161ia strana, tzv. chrb\u00e1t m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zhrubnut\u00e1. Vn\u00fatorn\u00e1, ostr\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 je pracovn\u00e1 a naz\u00fdva sa ostrie. \u010cepe\u013e b\u00fdva ukon\u010den\u00e1 hrotom. V\u00a0mieste, kde \u010depe\u013e prech\u00e1dza do rukov\u00e4te sa nach\u00e1dza tzv. p\u00e4ta. Na kos\u00e1koch s odsadenou rukov\u00e4\u0165ou je tvoren\u00e1 t\u0155\u0148om, ktor\u00fd b\u00fdva \u010dasto ukon\u010den\u00fd h\u00e1\u010dikom na lep\u0161ie uchytenie drevenej r\u00fa\u010dky. E\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia zru\u010dnos\u0165 kov\u00e1\u010dov bola potrebn\u00e1 pri v\u00fdrobe srpov. Archeologick\u00e9 experimenty preuk\u00e1zali, \u017ee z\u00e1seky na ostr\u00ed vyr\u00e1bali kov\u00e1\u010di tak, \u017ee \u010depe\u013e umiestnili hranou na n\u00e1kovu a z\u00e1seky zo spodnej strany vysekali za studena mal\u00fdm ostr\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom. Po nasekan\u00ed n\u00e1radie oto\u010dili a slab\u00fdmi \u00fadermi kladiva vytvorili z\u00fabky, ob\u010das len miniat\u00farnej ve\u013ekosti. Tie smeruj\u00fa v\u017edy \u0161ikmo dozadu, k\u00a0rukov\u00e4ti. V niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch s\u00fa vysekan\u00e9 takmer po celej d\u013a\u017eke \u010depele, alebo v mieste jej najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho zakrivenia. Objavuj\u00fa sa v\u0161ak aj tesne pri hrote. Exempl\u00e1re so z\u00e1sekmi sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v stredoeur\u00f3pskom priestore a\u017e do 11. storo\u010dia. Po\u010das cel\u00e9ho v\u010dasn\u00e9ho stredoveku sa vyskytuj\u00fa spolo\u010dne s kos\u00e1kmi s hladk\u00fdm ostr\u00edm.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1radia zo Str\u00e1\u0148av patria k\u00a0tzv. obiln\u00e9mu typu a sl\u00fa\u017eili na \u017eatevn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Tie prebiehali v letn\u00fdch mesiacoch, po dozret\u00ed obilia a\u00a0boli jednou z hlavn\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed v r\u00e1mci po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych aktiv\u00edt. Technikou pou\u017e\u00edvanou pri pr\u00e1ci s kos\u00e1kmi s hladk\u00fdm ostr\u00edm i so srpmi bolo hrs\u0165ovanie. T\u00fato pr\u00e1cu vykon\u00e1vali pravdepodobne mu\u017ei. Pod\u013ea ikonografick\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00ed bolo \u00falohou \u017eien viazanie snopov a ich zhroma\u017e\u010fovanie na kopu.<\/p>\n

\u017dalo sa v najni\u017e\u0161ej \u010dasti stebiel. N\u00e1radie s hladk\u00fdm ostr\u00edm si po\u010das pr\u00e1c vy\u017eadovalo pribrusovanie, \u010do viedlo k ne\u017eelan\u00e9mu spoma\u013eovaniu \u010dinnosti a napriek n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ej v\u00fdrobe, bola efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ia pr\u00e1ca so srpmi. Pri ich pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed sa stebl\u00e1 nel\u00e1mali a nedoch\u00e1dzalo k\u00a0ich roztr\u00faseniu. Oba typy n\u00e1radia v\u0161ak umo\u017e\u0148ovali \u013eahk\u00e9 regulovanie v\u00fd\u0161ky strniska. T\u00fdm, \u017ee sa obe n\u00e1radia objavuj\u00fa s\u00fa\u010dasne v r\u00e1mci jednej lokality, je pravdepodobn\u00e9, \u017ee boli ur\u010den\u00e9 k tomu ist\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010delu.<\/p>\n

V po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve sa kos\u00e1ky pou\u017e\u00edvali aj k in\u00fdm \u010dinnostiam. Napr\u00edklad na zber jar\u00edn, ozim\u00edn alebo na zber sena. Tie\u017e sa mohli pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 na \u00fapravu slamy na strech\u00e1ch obydl\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>TEXT: Mgr. Andrea Slan\u00e1, PhD. \u2013 archeologi\u010dka<\/p>\n

FOTO: Anna Kuchar\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Predmetom mesiaca m\u00e1j je s\u00fabor \u0161iestich kos\u00e1kov \/srpov\/ nach\u00e1dzaj\u00facich sa v\u00a0zbierkach Pova\u017esk\u00e9ho m\u00fazea. Na malom pahorku nazvanom Kubick\u00fd v\u0155\u0161ok, v\u00a0katastri obce Str\u00e1\u0148avy pri \u017diline, objavili \u017eiaci z\u00e1kladnej \u0161koly v\u00a0roku 1963 desa\u0165 kos\u00e1kov. V nasleduj\u00facom roku ich odovzdali do Pova\u017esk\u00e9ho m\u00fazea u\u017e len p\u00e4\u0165,\u00a0z\u00a0\u010fal\u0161ieho sa dochovala iba \u010das\u0165 \u010depele a zvy\u0161n\u00e9 sa stratili. Pri n\u00e1slednej obhliadke […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":50726,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50725","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality"],"yoast_head":"\nPredmetom mesiaca m\u00e1j s\u00fa stredovek\u00e9 kos\u00e1ky zo Str\u00e1\u0148av - Pova\u017esk\u00e9 m\u00fazeum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Predmetom mesiaca m\u00e1j je s\u00fabor \u0161iestich kos\u00e1kov \/srpov\/ nach\u00e1dzaj\u00facich sa v\u00a0zbierkach Pova\u017esk\u00e9ho m\u00fazea. Na malom pahorku nazvanom Kubick\u00fd v\u0155\u0161ok, v\u00a0katastri obce Str\u00e1\u0148avy pri \u017diline, objavili \u017eiaci z\u00e1kladnej \u0161koly v\u00a0roku 1963 desa\u0165 kos\u00e1kov.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/pmza.sk\/?p=50725\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Predmetom mesiaca m\u00e1j s\u00fa stredovek\u00e9 kos\u00e1ky zo Str\u00e1\u0148av - Pova\u017esk\u00e9 m\u00fazeum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Predmetom mesiaca m\u00e1j je s\u00fabor \u0161iestich kos\u00e1kov \/srpov\/ nach\u00e1dzaj\u00facich sa v\u00a0zbierkach Pova\u017esk\u00e9ho m\u00fazea. 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